Microclimate Features of Larix principis-rupprechtii Plantations in the Liupan Mountains of Northwestern China
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摘要:
目的 实测华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii）人工林的林内和林窗小气候特征，认识森林的小气候调节作用，为促进林下更新和森林多种功能利用提供科学依据。 方法 在宁夏六盘山南部半湿润区，建立林内（林龄40 a，郁闭度0.52）和林窗（面积750 m2）小气候观测样地，用自动气象站从2022年12月起连续一年监测气象指标和10 cm深土壤温度湿度，并用标准气象站数据按海拔内插得到林外气象数据作为对照。 结果 与林外相比，林内和林窗有明显的小气候调节作用，这表现在：1）年均太阳辐射日累积值（MJ/m2）为林内（4.53）＜林窗（8.87）＜林外（13.99），林内和林窗仅为林外的0.32和0.63倍；林内和林窗与林外的月均太阳辐射累积值的差在生长季大于非生长季。2）年均气温（℃）为林内（7.2）＜林外（7.5）＜林窗（7.8），气温日较差（℃）为林内（6.1）＜林窗（6.3）＜林外（8.0），林内和林窗的气温变化更平缓；林内、林窗、林外之间的月均气温差值在生长季小于非生长季。3）年均空气相对湿度（%）为林内（69.1）＞林窗（64.7）＞林外（62.5），林内和林窗比林外提高了6.6%和2.2%，且提高幅度为生长季大于非生长季。4）10 cm深土壤温度年均值（℃）为林内（6.8）＜林窗（8.8）＜林外（9.1），林内和林窗比林外低2.3 ℃和0.3 ℃；土壤温度日较差（℃）为林内（0.7）＜林窗（1.5）＜林外（4.5）；林内和林窗土壤温度与林外相比在生长季降低但在非生长季提高。5）10 cm深土壤湿度年均值（%）为林内（24.4）＜林窗（29.8）＜林外（33.8），林内和林窗比林外降低了9.4%和4.0%，林内和林窗降低土壤湿度的作用在生长季中期较小。 结论 华北落叶松人工林的小气候调节作用明显，且在生长季大于非生长季。与林外相比，林内和林窗大幅降低了太阳辐射、土壤温度、土壤湿度，但显著提高了空气湿度，还减小了各指标变幅和调节了峰值时间，对空气温度有良好的调控缓冲作用。 Abstract:Objective The microclimate features under forest canopy (UFC) and in forest gap (IFG) of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations were monitored to provide a scientific basis for understanding the microclimate regulation effect of forest and for guiding the forest management promoting the regeneration of understory trees and the optimal use of multiple forest ecosystem services. Methods Microclimate monitoring plots of UFC (with an age of 40 years and a canopy density of 0.52) and IFG (with an area 750 m2) were established in the southern sub-humid area of the Liupan Mountains, Ningxia, Northwestern China. Meteorological parameters and the soil temperature and moisture at 10 cm depth were monitored by automatic weather stations for one year from December 2022. The meteorological data in open field (IOF) were obtained by interpolating the standard meteorological station data according to altitude, as a comparison basis. Results Compared with the habitat of IOF, the habitats of UFC and IFG showed obvious microclimate regulation effects, which were manifested in: 1) the annual means of cumulative value of solar radiation (MJ/m2) was UFC (4.53) ＜ IFG (8.87) ＜ IOF (13.99), indicating that the values of UFC and IFG were decreased to 0.32 and 0.63 times of that of IOF. The difference of monthly mean solar radiation accumulation value between the habitats of IOF and UFC or IFG was greater in growing season than in non-growing season. 2) The annual mean air temperature (℃) was UFC (7.2) ＜ IOF (7.5) ＜ IFG (7.8). The diurnal air temperature range (℃) was UFC (6.1) ＜ IFG (6.3) ＜ IOF (8.0), indicating a more gentle variation of air temperature of UFC and IFG. The difference of monthly mean air temperature between the habitat of UFC or IFG and IOF was smaller in growing season than in non-growing season. 3) The annual means of relative air humidity (%) was UFC (69.1) ＞ IFG (64.7) ＞ IOF (62.5), indicating an increase of 6.6% and 2.2% by the habitats of UFC and IFG compared with that of IOF. And the increase amplitude of air humidity was greater in growing season than in non-growing season. 4) The annual mean soil temperature (℃) at the depth of 10 cm was UFC (6.8) ＜ IFG (8.8) ＜ IOF (9.1), indicating a decrease of 2.3 ℃ and 0.3 ℃ at the habitats of UFC and IFG compared with that of IOF. The diurnal range of soil temperature (℃) was UFC (0.7) ＜ IFG (1.5) ＜ IOF (4.5); The soil temperature was decreased at the habitats of UFC and IFG in growing season but increased in non-growing season compared with that of IOF. 5) The annual mean soil moisture (%) at the depth of 10 cm was UFC (24.4) ＜ IFG (29.8) ＜ IOF (33.8), indicating an decrease of 9.4% and 4.0% at the habitats of UFC and IFG compared with that of IOF. And the effect of decreasing soil moisture of UFC and IFG was lower in the middle of growing season. Conclusion The microclimate regulation effect of the Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations is obvious, and it is greater in growing season than in non-growing season. Compared with open field, the solar radiation, soil temperature and soil moisture were significantly decreased at the habitats of under forest canopy and in forest gap, but the air humidity was significantly increased, and the variation amplitude of each index was reduced and the peak time was adjusted, has a good regulating and buffering effect on air temperature. -
图 1 林内和林窗及林外的太阳辐射强度日变化
注：IOF = in open field，下同 the same below。
Figure 1. Diurnal variation of solar radiation intensity at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 2 林内和林窗及林外月均太阳辐射累积值变化
注：RD = rain day。
Figure 2. Variation of monthly mean cumulative solar radiation at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 3 林内和林窗及林外空气温度的日变化
Figure 3. Diurnal variation of air temperature at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 4 林内和林窗及林外空气温度的月均值变化
Figure 4. Variation of monthly mean air temperature at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 5 林内和林窗及林外空气相对湿度的日变化
Figure 5. Diurnal variation of relative air humidity at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 6 林内和林窗及林外空气相对湿度月均值变化
Figure 6. Variation of monthly means of relative air humidity at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 7 林内和林窗及林外10 cm深土壤温度日变化
Figure 7. Diurnal variation of soil temperature at 10 cm depth at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 8 林内和林窗及林外10 cm土壤温度月均值变化
Figure 8. Variation of monthly mean soil temperature at 10 cm depth at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 9 林内和林窗及林外10 cm深土层湿度日变化
Figure 9. Diurnal variation of soil moisture at 10 cm depth at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
图 10 林内和林窗及林外10 cm深土层湿度月均值变化
Figure 10. Variation of monthly mean soil moisture at 10 cm depth at the habitats of under forest canopy, in forest gap, and in open field
表 1 华北落叶松实验样地基本信息
Table 1. Basic information of the sample plots of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantations
样地
编号
Plot No.经度
Longitude/°E纬度
Latitude/°N海拔
Altitude/m树龄
Age/a郁闭度
Canopy
density平均树高
Tree
height/m平均胸径
Mean
DBH/cm密度
Tree density/
(trees·hm−2)坡向
Slope
aspect坡度
Slope/°坡位
Slope
position林内 UFC 106.393 66 35.300 60 2 056 40 0.52 15.3 14.4 870 东南 1 下 林窗 IFG 106.399 09 35.306 40 2 101 40 — — — — 东南 15 中 注：UFC = under forest canopy；IFG = in forest gap。下同 the same below。 
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