The Diversity, Spatial-temporal Distribution of Birds and Mammals in Guangdong Dayao Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve Base on Infrared Cameras
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摘要:
目的 为摸清广东大瑶山省级自然保护区物种本底资料，转变目前该保护区鸟兽多样性研究相对滞后的局面。 方法 于2020—2022年，在大瑶山自然保护区以1 km × 2 km的公里网格法，布设了49台红外相机，对保护区内林下鸟兽多样性进行了调查。 结果 1）累计21505个有效相机工作日，共获得独立有效照片9113张；拍摄到59种野生动物，其中鸟类45种（隶属于8目19科）、兽类14种（隶属于3目9科）。2）在59种野生动物中，国家一级重点保护野生动物有1种，即黄腹角雉（Tragopan caboti）；国家二级重点保护野生动物有白鹇（Lophura nycthemera）、仙八色鸫（Pitta nympha）、豹猫（Prionailurus bengalensis）等12种；IUCN红色名录易危（VU）物种2种；中国脊椎动物红色名录濒危（EN）物种1种，易危（VU）5种，近危（NT）10种；CITES附录Ⅰ和附录Ⅱ收录分别有2种和9种。3）相对多度指数较高的鸟类依次是：白鹇（15.92）、紫啸鸫（Myophonus caeruleus，1.81）、灰胸竹鸡（Bambusicola thoracicus，0.71）、虎斑地鸫（Zoothera aurea，0.39）和黑领噪鹛（Garrulax pectoralis，0.27）；兽类依次是：赤麂（Muntiacus vaginalis，9.62）、鼬獾（Melogale moschata，5.24）、小麂（Muntiacus reevesi，1.99）、赤腹松鼠（Callosciurus erythraeus，1.67）、红腿长吻松鼠（Dremomys pyrrhomerus，1.30）。4）春季鸟类有效照片数和独立有效照片数最多；夏季鸟类丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最低；冬季鸟类丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高，但独立有效照片数最少。夏季兽类独立有效照片数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最低；秋季兽类有效照片数和独立有效照片数最多；冬季兽类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高。黄腹角雉春季相对多度指数最高，冬季最低；白鹇和仙八色鸫夏季相对多度指数最高，冬季最低；豹猫秋季相对多度指数最高，夏季最低。5）广义线性混合模型结果显示：鸟类丰富度受高速公路、林分类型、地形和村庄的显著影响，鸟类丰富度在靠近高速公路、阔叶林、上坡位和村庄的区域较高；兽类丰富度受地形的显著影响，在山体中的平地和上坡位会较高。 结论 本次调查结果完善了保护区鸟类和兽类资源的时空分布信息，为大瑶山自然保护区进一步开展鸟兽多样性研究提供了基础资料，也为后续保护区的保护和管理工作提供了科学依据。 -
关键词:
- 大瑶山省级自然保护区 /
- 红外相机 /
- 鸟兽多样性 /
- 相对多度 /
- 广义线性混合模型
Abstract:Objective To map out the species background information of Guangdong Dayao Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve, and to change the current situation that the study of birds and mammals diversity in the reserve is relatively lagging behind. Method From 2020 to 2022, 49 infrared cameras were set up in the Dayao Mountain Nature Reserve with a kilometer grid method of 1 km × 2 km, to investigate the diversity of birds and mammals under the forest. Result 1) A total of 9113 independent photos were taken over 21505 camera days. We identified 59 species from infrared cameras photos, including 45 bird species belonging to 8 orders and 19 families, and 14 mammal species belonging to 3 orders and 9 families. 2) Of all the detected species, Tragopan caboti was listed as Class Ⅰ National Protected Wildlife, and 12 species were listed as Class Ⅱ National Protected Wildlife (including Lophura nycthemer, Pitta nympha, Prionailurus bengalensis, and others). Two species were listed as Vulnerable (VU) according to the IUCN Red List. One species was listed as Endangered (EN), five as Vulnerable (VU), and 10 as Near Threatened (NT) according to the Red List of China’s Vertebrates. In addition, two and nine species were listed in CITES Appendix I and II respectively. 3) The top five bird species with the highest relative abundance index from high to low were Lophura nycthemera(15.92), Myophonus caeruleus (1.81), Bambusicola thoracicus(0.71), Zoothera aurea(0.39), and Garrulax pectoralis(0.27). The top five mammal species with the highest relative abundance index from high to low were Muntiacus vaginalis(9.62), Melogale moschata(5.24), Muntiacus reevesi(1.99), Callosciurus erythraeus(1.67) and Dremomys pyrrhomerus(1.30). 4) The effective photos and independent photos of birds were the most in spring. The bird richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of birds were the lowest in summer. The bird richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were the highest in winter, but the independent photos were the least. The independent photos and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of mammals were the lowest in the summer. The effective photos and independent photos of mammals were the most in autumn. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index of mammals was the highest in winter. The highest relative abundance index for T. caboti was in spring and the lowest was in winter. The highest relative abundance index for L. nycthemer and P. nympha was in summer, but the lowest was in winter. The highest relative abundance index for P. bengalensis was in autumn and the lowest was in summer. 5）The results of the generalized linear mixed model showed that bird richness was significantly influenced by highways, forest type, topography, and villages, and was higher in areas close to highways, villages, broad-leaved forests, and up-slope. Mammal richness was significantly influenced by topography and was higher in flatlands and up-slopes in mountains. Conclusion The results of this survey improve the spatial and temporal distribution information of bird and animal resources in the reserve, and provide basic information for further research on bird and mammal diversity in Dayaoshan Nature Reserve. It also provides scientific basis for the subsequent conservation and management of the reserve. -
图 1 大瑶山省级自然保护区红外相机分布位点图
Figure 1. Location map of infrared camera in Dayao Mountain Provincial Nature Reserve
图 2 大瑶山自然保护区红外相机物种累计曲线
Figure 2. Accumulative curve of species by infrared camera surveying in Dayao Mountain Nature Reserve
图 3 不同生境对鸟兽丰富度的影响图
Figure 3. The influence of different habitats on the richness of birds and mammals
表 1 相机布设点环境特征
Table 1. The environmental characteristics of the camera placement point
环境因素
Environmental factor描述
Description环境因素
Environmental factor描述
Description海拔
Altitude351～1210 m 距村庄距离
Distance to village0.22～2.69 km 林分类型
Forest type1-常绿阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest；
2-针阔混交林 Coniferous-broad mix forest；
3-针叶林 Coniferous forest；
4-竹林−竹阔混交林 Bamboo forest and bamboo-broad mixed forest地形
Topography1-山谷 Valleys；
2-山脊 Ridge；
3-平地 Flatland；
4-下坡 Down-slope；
5-中坡 Mid-slope；
6-上坡 Up-slope阴阳坡
Sunny-Shady slope1-阴坡 Shady slope；
2-阳坡 Sunny slope水泥路（r=1000 m）
Concrete road1-存在 Presence；
0-不存在 Absence坡向
Aspect1-北 North；2-东北 Northeast；
3-东 East；4-东南 Southeast；
5-南 South；6-西南 Southwest；
7-西北 Northwest土路（r=100 m）
Unpaved road1-存在 Presence；
0-不存在 Absence坡度
Gradient1-陡坡Steep slope；
2-缓坡 Gentle slope；
3-平坦 Flat slope土路（r=1000 m）
Unpaved road1-存在 Presence；
0-不存在 Absence水源地距离
Water source distance1-＜100 m；2-＞100 m 高速公路（r=1000 m）
Highway1-存在 Presence；
0-不存在 Absence水泥路（r=100 m）
Concrete road1-存在 Presence；
0-不存在 Absence功能区
Functional area1-核心保护区 Core protection area；
2-一般控制区 General control area
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 不同季节鸟类物种数与多样性比较
Table 2. Comparison of species and diversity of birds in different seasons
季节
Season有效照片数
Effective photo占比
Percentage/%独立有效照片数
Independent photo占比
Percentage/%物种数
SpeciesShannon-Wiener指数
Shannon-Wiener index春季
Spring6952 26.74 1299 29.68 29 1.09 夏季
Summer6098 23.46 1104 25.23 16 0.69 秋季
Autumn6392 24.59 1082 24.73 29 0.82 冬季
Winter6535 25.14 891 20.36 33 1.27
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 不同季节兽类物种数与多样性比较
Table 3. Comparison of species and diversity of mammals in different seasons
季节
Season有效照片数
Effective photos占比
Percentage/%独立有效照片数
Independent photos占比
Percentage/%物种数
SpeciesShannon-Wiener指数
Shannon-Wiener index春季
Spring5480 21.94 1121 23.66 14 1.73 夏季
Summer5845 23.40 1035 21.85 13 1.39 秋季
Autumn6941 27.79 1360 28.71 14 1.47 冬季
Winter6711 26.87 1221 25.78 13 2.01
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 不同季节重点保护鸟兽相对多度指数比较
Table 4. Comparison of relative abundance index of birds and mammals in different seasons
物种
Species春
Spring夏
Summer秋
Autumn冬
Winter物种
Species春
Spring夏
Summer秋
Autumn冬
Winter黄腹角雉
Tragopan caboti0.19 0.13 0.15 0.03 红头咬鹃
Harpactes erythrocephalus— — — 0.02 白鹇
Lophura nycthemera17.79 19.45 16.50 10.85 仙八色鸫
Pitta nympha0.04 0.08 0.02 — 凤头鹰
Accipiter trivirgatus0.02 — — 0.03 红嘴相思鸟
Leiothrix lutea0.04 — 0.02 0.03 红角鸮
Otus sunia0.02 — — — 画眉
Garrulax canorus0.04 — — 0.08 黄嘴角鸮
Otus spilocephalus— — 0.02 0.03 豹猫
Prionailurus bengalensis0.47 0.35 0.73 0.66 斑头鸺鹠
Glaucidium cuculoides— — 0.02 — 斑林狸
Prionodon pardicolor— 0.11 0.07 0.09 领角鸮
Otus lettia— — — 0.02 — — — — —
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