Correlation Between Growth and Spatial Structure of Dominant Trees in Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii Plantations at Different Ages
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摘要:
目的 优势木的生长与其周围的相邻木密切相关,探究不同林龄林分中相邻木构成的空间结构特征对目标林木生长的影响,可以为调整空间结构进而激发林分生长潜力提供理论依据。 方法 选择27 a、37 a和46 a 3种不同林龄的华北落叶松人工林,分别设置面积为90 m×60 m、120 m×120 m和120 m×120 m的大样地,以优势木和其最近4株邻近木构建空间结构单元,计算每株优势木的角尺度、大小比数、混交度和密集度等指标,分析不同林龄中优势木在不同空间结构间的生长差异。 结果 优势木胸径和树高年均增长量均有显著的林龄差异,年均增长量随林龄增大而降低。在27 a林分的结构单元中,处于随机分布、优势、零度混交和密集状态的优势木占比最高,优势木平均胸径分别在角尺度为0.50、大小比数为0、混交度为0.75和密集度为1时最大,优势木平均树高分别在角尺度为0、大小比数为0、混交度为0.75和密集度为0.75时最大。在37 a的结构单元中,处于随机分布、优势、零度混交和非常密集状态的优势木占比最高,优势木平均胸径分别在角尺度为0.50、大小比数为0、混交度为0.5和密集度为0时最大,优势木平均树高分别在角尺度为0、大小比数为0、混交度为0.25和密集度为1时最大。在46 a的结构单元中,处于随机分布、优势、零度混交和稀疏状态的优势木占比最高,优势木平均胸径分别在角尺度为0.50、大小比数为0和密集度为0时最大,优势木平均树高分别在角尺度为0、大小比数为0和密集度为0时最大。 结论 水平分布格局、树种多样性、自身个体大小和树冠竞争影响优势木生长特征。在演替过程中,优势木朝着减小聚集程度和竞争压力的方向上发展,适当提升优势木的混交程度和保证优势木个体的生长优势利于其胸径和树高生长。在质量选择阶段,宜进一步选择生长好的优势木作为目标树,适当抚育采伐,优化结构单元,以人工促进天然更新等手段提升林分稳定性。在近自然阶段,应及时清理枯立木,通过人工促进天然更新和清除干扰木,继续优化空间结构。 Abstract:Objective The growth of dominant trees is closely related to that of their neighboring trees, and exploring the influence of the spatial structure characteristics of the neighboring trees in differently-aged forests on the growth of target trees can provide a theoretical basis for adjusting the spatial structure to stimulate the growth potential of forest stands. Methods We selected three Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii plantation stands in different ages (27, 37 and 46 years), and set up large sample plots of 90 m×60 m, 120 m×120 m and 120 m×120 m, respectively. Took the dominant tree and its 4 nearest neighbor trees as the spatial structural unit, calculated the indexes of uniform angle index, dominance, mingling and crowding of each dominant tree, and analyzed the growth differences of dominant trees among different spatial structures in the stands with different ages. Results The average annual increase of diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree height (H) of dominant trees were significantly different among forest ages, and the average annual increase of DBH and H decreased with the forest age rising. In the structural unit of the 27-years stand, the proportion of dominant trees with the random distribution, dominant, zero mixed, and crowded state was the highest. The mean DBH of dominant trees was the greatest at a uniform angle index of 0.50, a dominance of 0, a mingling of 0.75, and a crowding of 1, respectively, and the mean tree height of dominant trees was the greatest at a uniform angle index of 0, a dominance of 0, a mingling of 0.75, and a crowding of 0.75, respectively. In the structural units of the 37-years stand, the dominant trees in random distribution, dominant, zero mixed and very crowded state had the highest proportion. The mean DBH of dominant trees reached the maximum when the uniform angle index was 0.50, the dominance was 0, the mingling was 0.50 and the crowding was 0, respectively, and the mean tree height of dominant trees was maximum when the uniform angle index was 0, the domiance was 0, the mingling was 0.25 and the crowding was 1, respectively. In the structural units of the 46-years stand, the proportion of dominant trees in random distribution, dominant, zero mixed and sparse state was the highest. The mean DBH of dominant trees was the largest when the uniform angle index was 0.50, the dominance was 0 and the crowding was 0, respectively, and the mean tree height of dominant trees was the largest when the uniform angle index was 0, the dominance was 0 and the crowding was 0. Conclusion Horizontal distribution pattern, tree species diversity, individual size and crown competition affect the growth characteristics of dominant trees. In the process of succession, the dominant trees developed in the direction of reducing aggregation degree and competition pressure, and appropriately increasing the mixing degree of the dominant trees and ensuring the growth advantage of the dominant trees were conducive to the growth of their DBH and tree height. In the quality selection stage, it is advisable to further select the superior trees with good growth as the target trees, properly tending and felling, optimizing the structural units, and improving the stability of the stands by means of artificial promotion of natural regeneration. In the near natural stage, dead trees should be cleaned up in time, and the spatial structure should be optimized by artificially promoting natural renewal and removing interfering trees. -
表 1 调查样地的基本概况
Table 1. Basic information of sample plots
林龄
Stand
age/a树种组成
Composition of
tree species林分平均胸径
Mean DBH /cm林分平均高
Mean height/m单木平均冠径
Mean crown
radius/m优势木 Dominant trees 密度
Density/
(trees·hm−2)胸径
DBH/cm树高
Height /m冠幅
Crown width/m最大
Max最小
Min最大
Max最小
Min最大
Max最小
Min27 9落1桦−松−栎−杨 13.39±5.45 12.32±4.61 1.05±0.61 31.2 5 21.4 2.1 2.83 0.45 953 37 8落2桦−松−杨−栎 17.56±7.27 13.99±5.43 1.55±0.76 32.1 5 22.2 2.1 3.64 0.33 914 46 10落 19.54±5.29 16.77±3.38 1.30±0.48 32.2 5.3 28 2.1 5.60 0.25 949 表 2 空间结构参数的计算公式
Table 2. Formulas for calculating spatial structure indexes
项目 Items 公式 Formula 公式定义 Formula definition 角尺度 W $ {W}_{i}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}{\sum }_{j=1}^{4}{z}_{ij} $ 角尺度(Wi)是通过角度α来判断林木个体在水平方向上分布格局的参数,α为对象木与4株相邻木的连线中相邻2条线之间的夹角,zij是第i株对象木的第j个夹角αj与α0的比较结果,当(αj<α0)时,zij=1,反之zij=0。角尺度取值为0、0.25、0.50、0.75和1,分别代表非常均匀、均匀、随机、聚集和非常聚集5种水平分布格局。 混交度 M $ {M}_{i}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}{\sum }_{j=1}^{4}{v}_{ij} $ 混交度(Mi)是用于描述树种空间隔离程度的参数,vij是第i株对象木与第j株相邻木的树种比较结果,当相邻木与对象木为同一树种时,vij=0,反之vij=1。混交度取值为0、0.25、0.50、0.75和1,分别代表零度混交、弱混交度、中度混交、高度混交和极强度混交5种树种隔离程度。 密集度 C $ {C}_{i}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}{\sum }_{j=1}^{4}{y}_{ij} $ 密集度(Ci)是用于描述林木所在空间单元密集程度的参数,yij是第i株对象木冠幅水平投影与第j株相邻木冠幅水平投影的比较结果,当相邻木树冠水平投影与对象木树冠水平投影有重叠时,yij=1,反之yij=0。密集度取值为0、0.25、0.50、0.75和1,分别代表非常稀疏、稀疏、中度密集、密集和非常密集5种密集程度。 大小比数 U $ {U}_{i}=\displaystyle\frac{1}{4}{\sum }_{j=1}^{4}{k}_{ij} $ 大小比数(Ui)是用于描述树木大小分化程度的参数,它表示对象木的4株相邻木的胸径大于对象木的情况比例。kij是第i株对象木与第j株相邻木的胸径大小比较结果,当相邻木胸径小于对象木胸径时,kij=0,反之kij=1。大小比数取值为0、0.25、0.50、0.75和1,分别代表林木处于优势、亚优势、中庸、劣态和绝对劣态5种状态。 表 3 不同林龄华北落叶松人工林优势木信息统计
Table 3. Statistics of dominant trees in Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii plantations at different ages
林龄
Stand age/a胸径
DBH/cm树高
Height/m优势木株数
Total dominant trees优势木株数占比
Ratio27 17.99±3.26 17.05±1.35 204 0.42 37 22.89±3.82 19.62±1.41 365 0.40 46 24.26±3.40 20.52±1.47 341 0.36 -
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